This second volume of the Advanced Packaging Update includes an analysis of OSAT financials. Data center growth, energy and water use, and shortages of components, assembly, and materials are described. A discussion of orbital data centers is provided. Developments in hybrid bonding are discussed along with drivers and projections for application adoption timing. Remaining challenges are discussed. A special section is devoted to challenges in high-performance computing including large substrates; developments in glass core substrates and remaining challenges; and alternatives including ceramic core and silicon. TechSearch International’s annual survey on substrate design rules is presented, with special coverage of suppliers of laminate flip chip BGA and CSP substrates worldwide. The design rules include body size, core thickness, via and pad diameter, minimum bump pitch supported, and substrate finish.